A serial transmission method that uses a closed loop. It originated with teletype machines that transmitted 20 mA (milliamperes) of current for a 1 bit and the absence of current for a 0 bit. A 60 mA ...

Current sources are widely used in industrial control systems to transport analog process signals over long distances, but they are less widely used than voltage sources. This post loosely reviews the ...

Galvanically (that is, optically or electromagnetically) isolated 4- to 20-mA current loops offer robust noise immunity and tolerate long cable runs. These advantages, combined with simple unshielded ...

Network analysis is a powerful and well-established method of characterizing and optimizing a control system. [1] Unfortunately, making a successful measurement can be difficult and frustrating ...