Infection with a vector-borne pathogen that undergoes clonal antigenic variation has several possible outcomes (Figure 1). Acquisition of the pathogen by the vector does not in itself constitute ...

The immune system responds to an infection by producing antibodies that recognize and bind to the cell surface of the pathogen, thus marking it as an intruder and triggering an immune response. For ...

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolation was attempted from La Sota—vaccinated or unvaccinated chickens exposed to the virulent NDV variant E347Kmt. Shedding viruses were purified by plaque assay and ...

Background. Human noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Strains of the GII.4 genotype cause pandemic waves associated with viral evolution and subsequent antigenic drift and ...

Professor Nicolai Siegel is leader of the Molecular Parasitology research group (Chair of Experimental Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Sciences) at the Biomedical Center. A new study by LMU and ...

Princeton University Press: 2002. 352 pp. $75, £52 (hbk); $24.95, £17.95 (pbk) It was Charles Darwin who observed: “It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but ...

Researchers found an unexpected diversity of protein coats within populations of <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>, challenging the conventional understanding of the dynamics that allow the parasite to ...

Widespread vaccination efforts against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have successfully prevented innumerable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, ...

A new study by LMU and Helmholtz Munich shows how pathogens control changes in their cell surface to evade the immune system. The immune system responds to an infection by producing antibodies that ...

Immunodominant antigens are commonly used to distinguish strains of a species of pathogens. These antigens can vary from strain to strain to the extent that the strain-specific immune responses of ...